When Worlds Collided. Heaven and PreEarth were planets, a binary system orbiting the Sun. This happy arrangement continued for countless years, until, some unfortunate circumstance caused Heaven to collide with PreEarth, forming the Earth. We investigate the evidence that the Earth is the child of such a collision. We show that the planets Heaven and PreEarth were of similar size and mass. We show that many of the Earth's topographical features, such as mountain chains and ocean basins, were created during the collision. We show that certain hard to explain features of the Earth, such as its magnetic field, can now be more easily understood. And, in establishing all this, we uncover a new theory on the origin of the Moon. Much of PreEarth's crust survived the impact and is today the continental crust of the Earth. Although broken and contorted, giant pieces of the ancient crust acted as ships floating on a newly molten interior, insulating, and protecting, life from the fires below. Heaven itself, together with its crust, if it had one, disappeared into the interior of the PreEarth, never to be seen again. If we put the broken pieces of PreEarth's crust back together, we obtain the following map. This map is a flat representation of part of a globe. Hence, some distortion is inevitable..... Read the rest here: http://preearth.net/ The whole idea of the theory is summarized by this animatation: The impact area was that within the circle. Pangaea (considered as a land area on PreEarth) was outside the circle. Heaven was completely submerged into PreEarth (causing massive expansion). When Pangaea (considered as a land area on PreEarth) is mapped from the sphere of PreEarth to a flat map, you get exactly the map of the first graphic up above. In fact, that is how this map was first produced. Here is a standard map of Pangaea The expansion in size of PreEarth after swallowing Heaven, caused Pangaea to spilt apart and break up into what we now call continents. The circular region where Heaven entered is now called the Pacific Ocean (not all the Pacific, but most of it). Here is an animation showing how the Atlantic Ocean opened up. and another showing the opening around Antarctica. and another showing the opening of the Indian Ocean. Cool animations, eh? The author, Kevin Mansfield, is a mathematician (PhD from UNSW) from New Zealand. From: http://preearth.net/ He has started up a bulletin board at: http://www.preearth.net/phpBB3/search.php?search_id=newposts See if there are any topics that interest you?
Here is a cute calculation that comes up in showing the impact between the two planets (i.e., Heaven and PreEarth) would not necessarily melt the entire surface of the larger planet that coalesced from them (i.e., Earth). It is simple enough for high schools students to understand and it illustrates the power of (even simple) mathematics. The problem is to estimate the rise in the temperature caused by placing the planet PreEarth next to the planet Heaven and letting gravity transform them into the Earth. (Note, that if two large enough planets are placed side by side and left alone, then gravity will pull them into one planet. So here we are placing PreEarth next to Heaven and gravity is pulling these two into a new planet which just happens to be the Earth.) We will make the simplifying assumption that both the planets Heaven and PreEarth were spherical with uniform density. This makes the math simple and the argument easy to follow. The gravitational binding energy of a planet, U, is the energy released by the assembly of the planet from atoms which were originally an infinite distance away. Or, alternatively, it is the energy needed to disassemble the planet into atoms by moving each an infinite distance away. The gravitational binding energy of a spherical planet with uniform density, is given by the formula; U = 0.6GM^2/R, where G = 6.67428 x 10^-20 km^3/(kg s^2) is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the planet in kg, R is its radius in km. U is here measured in megajoules, MJ. Earth Radius R_E = 6371 km. Earth Mass M_E = 5.97369 x 10^24 kg. Approximate Earth Binding Energy = 0.6*G*M_P^2/R_P = 22.430 x 10^25. PreEarth Radius R_P = 5200 km. PreEarth Mass M_P = 3.48280 x 10^24 kg. Approximate PreEarth Binding Energy = 0.6*G*M_P^2/R_P = 9.341 x 10^25 MJ. Heaven Radius R_H = 4680 km. Heaven Mass M_H = 2.48456 x 10^24 kg. Approximate Heaven Binding Energy = 0.6*G*M_H^2/R_H = 5.282 x 10^25 MJ. The energy necessary to separate PreEarth and Heaven to infinity, is: G*M_P*M_H/(5200+4680) = G*M_P*M_H/9880 = 5.846 x 10^25 MJ. The idea is to take PreEarth and Heaven at the point of first contact, that is, when they are just 9,880 kilometers apart, dissemble them to infinity, then bring everything back from infinity and assemble Earth. So, the energy released from the point of contact through the formation of the Earth, is: Energy Released = (22.430 - 9.341 - 5.282 - 5.846) x 10^25 = 1.961 x 10^25 MJ. This is (1.961 x 10^25)/(5.97369 x 10^24) = 3.2827 megajoules per kilogram. Suppose an average specific heat of 1330 J/kg°K. Then we have that the Earth experiences a 3282700/1330 = 2,468 degree (average) rise in the temperature. I emphasize that this temperature rise is due solely to the energy released by just placing PreEarth next to Heaven and letting gravity transform them into the Earth. It is worth mentioning that the temperature rise will not be uniform. Any pre-impact kinetic energy of Heaven (relative to PreEarth) will cause an additional rise in temperature. To be continued,...
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16) Provides a new theory regarding the formation of the Moon. Suppose, a catastrophic collision between Heaven and a large object, blasted Heaven's entire silicate rock layer into an extensive debris field, leaving its iron core as the largest remnant. Further collisions with the debris would lead to the rump iron core gathering a new mantle and cascading ever closer to PreEarth. The debris field beyond Heaven's reach, would also accumulate, creating a new satellite of low density, poor in volatiles, and lacking an iron core, namely, the Moon as we know it today. Among other things, this scenario would explain why the oxygen-17/oxygen-18 ratio of the lunar samples is indistinguishable from the terrestrial ratio. It would not explain the age of the lunar rocks.
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